PM 5/10 (1) Guidelines on the design and implementation of a buffer zone

EPPO BulletinVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 438-450 STANDARD - GUIDELINES ON PEST RISK ANALYSISFree Access PM 5/10 (1) Guidelines on the design and implementation of a buffer zone First published: 25 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12777 Authors contributors are given in Acknowledgements section. Definitions: Definitions relevant to this Standard noted Appendix 1. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms Conditions Use check box below share version article.I have read accept Wiley Online Library UseShareable LinkUse link article with your friends colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Scope This provides general guidance use zones minimize probability spread pest into or out delimited areas. It is intended be used by risk assessors managers when they conducting analysis designing phytosanitary measures, including for contingency plans. Specific approval was first approved 2021–09. 1 INTRODUCTION The IPPC definition (ISPM 5) ‘an area surrounding adjacent an officially purposes order target area, subject other control if appropriate.’ There several International Standards Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) that provide some recommendations requirements zone. These include ISPM 4 (Pest Free Area), 10 Production Place), 22 (Area Low Pest Prevalence) 26 Area Tephritidae). For details, see 2. A should large enough reaching place production protected natural spread. appropriate size likely effectiveness dependent particular biology pest, density population, ease detection, types habitat measures applied infested (see Section 3). In general, National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) faced limited resources mitigation activities. If too small relation pest's dispersal capacity, it will efforts eradicate contain wasted. Conversely, unnecessary effort may used. also important required feasible implemented correctly. difficult very large. technically justified based cost-benefit approach. Cost-benefit discussed 9/18 Decision-Support Scheme prioritizing action during outbreaks. protocol analysing costs benefits provided Kehlenbeck et al., (2012). Decisions often made absence of, limited, scientific data. can enable them make better judgments regarding related measures. guidelines aim decision-making process transparent ensure consistent approach 2 OBJECTIVE OF DELIMITED AREAS INCLUDING BUFFER ZONES as measure (a) prevent suppress eradication containment program (b) introduction help guarantee freedom specified area/place Figure 2). FIGURE 1Open figure viewerPowerPoint Schematic representation different scenario Scenario deals outbreak eradication/containment program. case from beyond area. maintenance (PFA), Place (PFPP) Site (PFPS). entry maintain protected. main difference between scenarios source population has prevented moving through differ depending objective (eradication, freedom). Guidance determining 3. associated objectives areas (including zone) described 4. GUIDANCE TO DEFINE AN APPROPRIATE SIZE THE ZONE 3.1 Factors consider evaluating rate depends factors local environment. behaviour always taken account defining which presented below, well influence these 3.1.1 take Biology Factor Influence Lifespan growing period longer lifespan mobile life stages, time therefore distance However, multiple (short) generations period, increased. outbreak, there evidence been present years, (‘survey area’) match expected maximum dispersing Rate reproduction When high rate, populations build up rapidly. Population affects likelihood long-distance dispersal: high-density increased events. Dispersal its vector considered. Also mode (active flight passive wind) stage disperses (e.g. spores, winged sexual etc.). 3.1.2 Local making decision specific environmental Abundance distribution (habitat fragmentation/heterogeneity) host plants Depending enhanced decreased scattered. Natural barriers rivers mountains) spreading further, thereby reducing required. Rivers can, however, act means case, example, bacterial pathogens. Artificial grown under protection glass/plastic/netting), barrier movement pests, needed. climatic conditions windy vs wind-protected site, direction prevailing pests dispersed wind air current, adjusted winds. concern only survive region country, then environment reduced. Other Ease certainty detect, delayed detection. no reliable inspection testing methods available not establish Control areas, site production) See Sections 4.1 4.2 major human assisted firewood hitchhiking). literature done estimate capacity human-assisted excluded avoid overestimating manage it, where possible. As already occurred before discovery information delimiting surveys confirm distribution. 3.2 Description departure, settlement leading successful establishment. arthropods, biological refers spatial individuals birth subsequent reproduction/oviposition (i.e. one generation). fungi, pattern spore deposition further infection. many stratified dispersal, combination probable short-range rare long-range (Liebhold & Tobin, 2008). implies vast majority does disperse far few extremely far. Spread typified fat-tailed distributions example curve fungus). 2Open Example point estimated kernel, Schmale Ross (2015) 3.3 Estimation 3.3.1 Literature data retrieval conducted collate degree relevance reliability each piece evaluated 3, Step 1). most experiments experimental control, such mark release recapture studies insects fungal spores). Flight mill (for see, Naranjo, 2019) useful but overestimate how insect would travel field. found concern, another species closely taxonomically similar could guidance. Information derived situations initial known location year introduction) interpreted caution. situations, new detected due introductions human-mediated discovered away cannot assumed naturally since planting) undiscovered close introduction. 3.3.2 Expert judgement usually graphical statistical distances at Nathan 2012). models describing species) obtained suitable common plant health assessments. experts consulted evidence. EFSA (2014, 2018, expert knowledge elicitation (EKE) parameter, taking uncertainty estimation. To kernel estimation parameters median distance). express their expressing values terms [see section 3.9.3 (2018), quantitative assessment]. needs led experienced EKE facilitator participating received training process. statistician needed analyse outcome elicitation. detail Whether formal not, record short report reasoning considered GENERAL MEASURES BE IMPLEMENTED IN vary applied. Objective 4.1.1 Eradication reflects presence. insects, envisaged oviposition sites originating population. relationship graphically summarized. Assuming homogeneous habitat, highest deposited eggs (assumed) epicentre (zone 3Open Table Note 95% example: choice percentile quantiles approach, detection cost compared potential impact remove all possible stages eggs/larvae/adults insects) 2, manager decides what acceptable missing satellite (outside 2), affected insecticide treatment removal). stringent targeted 95th 5% escaped detect survey carried long tail 99% chosen. confirmation presence positioning accordingly (see, 9/1 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus vectors: procedures official control). strategy changed containment, enlarging 4.1.2 Containment isolated same procedure define above. higher strategy. Therefore, events occur more frequently frequency increase populations. consequence, larger than keep level risk. 4.1.3 Maintenance re-infestation PFA, PFPP PFPS. Where preventing PFPS, established. removal plants, precautionary treatments products insecticides fungicides), restrictions material zone, surveillance monitor trapping network). abundance high, ideally least within season). Associated overview typical outbreaks). TABLE Delimited Biological Typical Outbreak (infested plants) 3) names regulations: focus zonea Source population/outbreak sites) Uncertainty about low Removal destruction Appropriate restriction area: immediate vicinity clear cut intensive Likely/possible reached medium Inspection/testing Habitat manipulation crop rotation) Pesticide programmes Disinfection tools, equipment, machinery, vehicles, warehouses sheds Surveillance finding: adaptation/new Survey defined above safety (rare) (trapping/sampling) Public awareness established Prevention Treatments reduce sterile technique) Zone (optional) Intensive Testing symptomatic regulation: Pest-free area/place/site around pest-free able reach against Precautionary fungicides) Restrictions ‘Infested zone’ EU Regulation 2016/2031 covers 4.2.1 situations. availability sampling strategies levels critical effective cost-effective traps lures species-specific pheromones) facilitate early Several intensity set examples part II, series 9, cards). Delimiting actual unclear present, extent outbreak. generations/years, estimated. generation) calculate over time. follows: Inspections trained personnel Traps periodically inspected Sampling plants. 4.2.2 delimitation need decided instead plants). severe economic, social reproductive potential, ability create individuals), follow ‘zero-tolerance’ thus apply whole result feasibility application choose best option between: Applying cover totality (100%) 95%) (less intensive) targeting remaining 1% 5%) 4.3 Consequences breach event constitute enlarged defined. finding status withdrawn 26). 4.4 Overview constraints establishing Different limitations Technical limitations: hundreds kilometres wind), feasible. hitchhiking pathway generation short, escape wider per show widespread, Regulatory consideration whether adversely Economic, might subjected measures; identified assessed. recently introduced found, occurred, regulated ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS draft prepared R. Potting (NPPO Netherlands). reviewed amended Working Group composed N. Giltrap (Department Environment Food Rural Affairs, GB), J.M. Guitian Castrillon (Tecnologias y Servicios Agrarios, ES), S. Hannunen (Finnish Safety Authority), A. Jiménez Muro (Direccion General de Sanidad la Produccion Agraria, ES) Potting, Panel Measures. tested L. Bouhot-Delduc (Ministère l'Agriculture, l'Agro-alimentaire Forêt, FR), M. Faccoli (University Padova, IT), P. Gonthier Torino, J.C. Grégoire (Université libre Bruxelles, BE), E. Pfeilstetter (Julius Kühn Institut, DE), members Secretariat, O. Mosbach-Schulz (EFSA). APPENDIX 1- intergenerational emergence takes place. source. Maximum distance. (probability) travelled any individual (of pest) Expansion geographical 5 definition). Stratified incorporating two coincident forms short-distance continuous (2) distances. Quantile Quantiles divide range contiguous intervals equal probabilities. Quartiles three points four equal-size intervals, 25%. All affect answers assessment question. Available here (evidence, data, etc.) conducted. Median numeric value separating half sample, lower half. generally skewed distributions. Mean mean determined adding dividing total number points. Mode appears often. 2- Buffer international standards (ISPM) legislation